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Home / Author Archives for Kristina Peterson

Kristina Peterson

Weeds on Your Working Lands

July 12, 2023

Weed control is important no matter what part of your land you’re working on. Spare time for digging up weeds is always limited, so focusing on weeds that are harmful to livestock or impact crop productivity is important. Here are a few weeds to be on the lookout for on your working lands.

Tansy Ragwort

Tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) is a noxious weed that poses a serious threat to horses, cattle, and other grazing animals. Every part of the plant contains poisonous alkaloids that cause irreversible liver damage to livestock (and humans) when consumed.

Luckily, tansy ragwort is not difficult to identify once you get to know it. Tansy has bright yellow flowers arranged in flat-topped clusters. Its flowers begin blooming in July and last all the way through the summer.

Tansy ragwort is often confused with another plant also called tansy, common tansy (Tanacetum vulgare). Common tansy is a closely related weed, but it is not dangerous to livestock. Examining their flowers helps differentiate these plants. Common tansy’s flowers are button-like and never open, whereas tansy ragwort’s flowers have individual ray-like petals.

Cinnabar moth (Tyria jacobeae), a biological control, feeding on tansy ragwort.

Tansy ragwort is tricky to control because each plant can produce up to 150,000 seeds annually. Most seeds fall within 30 feet of the plant, but some can move far and wide aided by wind, animals, or mowers. If you see tansy in the neighborhood, make sure your neighbors are aware of the problems associated with this weed and stress the importance of control.

Small patches can be hand pulled while wearing gloves. Spring is the best time to manually remove it. Mowing is not recommended since it will stimulate more growth. Don’t leave removed plants in pastures. Wilted tansy and tansy that is dried and baled in hay are equally as dangerous. Once tansy is dried and baled, livestock have a hard time distinguishing what to eat and are unable to avoid eating the tansy. The safest way to dispose of tansy ragwort is to put the dead plants into large trash bags and put them out with your regular trash.

The good news is that there are several biological control insects already in Oregon that help keep large infestation in check. The ragwort flea beetle (Longitarsus jacobaea), ragwort seed fly (Botanophila seneciella), and cinnabar moth (Tyria jacobeae) feed on tansy. Like other biological controls, these insects go through boom-and-bust cycles where their population (and ability to control tansy) will fluctuate greatly from year to year.

Depending on the size of the infestation and your situation, herbicides can offer immediate control. Remember to read and follow the label and wear proper protective equipment when applying herbicides. Its best to consult a weed treatment professional when considering this option.

Effective control of tansy ragwort may take several years, but it is well worth the trouble compared to vet bills or the loss of a family horse or show animal. 

Creeping Thistle & Bull Thistle

Canada thistle in full bloom
Creeping thistle flowers. Photo Credit: Jan Samanek, Phytosanitary Administration, Bugwood.org
Bull thistle flowers
Bull thistle flowers. Photo Credit: Alex Katovich, Bugwood.org

Thistles are a prickly problem on agricultural lands across all 50 states. They are notorious for draining nutrients from soil, which damages pasture and crop productivity. They also soak up large amounts of water, which makes soil dry and increases the potential for erosion.

Thistles tend to spread quickly too. They attribute their success to the variety of ways their seeds disperse. Using wind, human, and animal traffic, thistle seeds can travel miles from the original source. Once thistle is in the neighborhood, you’ll likely see it on your land.

Two of the peskier thistles in Washington County are creeping thistle (Cirisium arvense) and bull thistle (Cirisium vulgare). Both plants look similar, growing to around five or six feet tall with intimidating, spiked leaves. They produce purple flowers around the middle of summer. Towards the end of summer, these flowers become seed producing machines. Individual plants can produce upwards of 1,000 seeds annually.

Preventing seeds from spreading is key to dealing with thistles. One of the best ways to do this is with routine mowing. While this may not eradicate the plant, it will prevent them from going to seed, preventing further spread.

Ideally, thistles should be fully removed to stop them from regrowing. Digging or hand-pulling plants in the spring before they produce seeds will provide effectively control. Be sure to remove the entire plant and its roots, especially paying attention to creeping thistle’s large taproot.

You may need to apply herbicides to help control an infestation. Its best to consult a weed treatment professional when considering this option.

Field Bindweed

Filed bindweed growing on grain.
Field bindweed vines smothering crops. Photo Credit: Jan Samanek, Phytosanitary Administration, Bugwood.org

Field bindweed (Convolulus arvensis) is one of the most common agricultural weeds in the Pacific Northwest and one of the most difficult to control. Sometimes called morning glory or creeping Jenny, it has a deep root system that competes with crops for water and nutrients. Its vines climb on crops and smothers them. Like many other agricultural weeds, field bindweed produces lots of long-lasting seeds – seeds can remain viable in soil for up to 20 years!

Since seeds survive in the soil for decades, total eradication is not a realistic short-term goal. However, with diligence you can control field bindweed by incorporating multiple treatment strategies. Using a combination of cultural (introducing competitive grasses), mechanical (consistent tilling, mowing, and hand-pulling), and chemical (applying herbicides) controls will help manage a field bindweed infestation.

Consult Tualatin SWCD for Help

Weeds on your working lands can be difficult to manage, but there are resources out there to help! Tualatin SWCD has a long history of working with farmers and ranchers to help manage agricultural weeds. Browse our Weed & Pest Directory to see control recommendations and identify other weeds on your property. If you’d like specific help or tips, let us know!

Protecting Agricultural Viability in Washington County

April 21, 2023

As Oregonians, we are lucky to have agriculture deeply seeded in our economy and cultural heritage. The Willamette Valley is one of the most diverse agricultural regions on Earth due to its rich, fertile soils and ample rainfall. Washington County is among the top-producing agricultural counties in the state and home to thousands of acres of farms, farming families, and farm-related businesses. About 25% of the county is agricultural land. However, we are losing this land to development at rapid rates. As Washington County’s population continues to grow, it’s important to protect productive agricultural lands and ensure that farming communities continue to thrive.

What is Agricultural Viability?

The term “agricultural viability” refers to all the components of the agriculture system that need to stay in motion to sustain a thriving local agriculture community. This can be thought of as the overall health of the land along with the support of agriculture in the larger landscape and community. A thriving agricultural community depends on:

  • Availability of productive farmland with adequate water supply and healthy soil.
  • Enough skilled farmers and field workers to plant and harvest crops, tend to livestock, and maintain the land.
  • Access to farming equipment, material suppliers, and markets for farmers to sell their food and goods.
  • Engaged community members to support their local agriculture community.
Scenic view of farming fields and trees surrounding the Tualatin river.

Maintaining agricultural viability requires understanding the importance of agriculture in our health, economy, livelihood, and environment. Without this shared vision, our agriculture community is threatened.

What Threatens Agricultural Viability?

As Washington County continues to grow, the local agricultural community is compromised. This changing landscape leads to:

  • Decreased availability of highly productive farmland – Without conservation easements or succession plans, farmland is vulnerable to development. Once developed, it will likely never return to farming or open space. Productive soils are one of the most important land characteristics to support agriculture. Washington County has some of the most productive soils in the state.
  • Fragmented agricultural land and farming communities – Fragmentation divides the land in ways that will make farms too small to continue to be profitable and farmland unaffordable for farmers. Farmers also rely on each other for sharing equipment, knowledge, and the collective benefits of conservation practices. When farming lands are divided, farmers lose an important support system.
  • Limited farming resources – Field workers and farmers utilize specific equipment, infrastructure, materials, and production spaces. Local businesses and infrastructure who hold these resources don’t have financial support for upkeep and maintenance. They are also seeing decreased demand and are moving to locations where they can make larger profits.

Read more about threats to farmland here.

You can help support local agriculture!

Whether you live in a rural or urban area, you can help sustain our local agriculture community. Here are some ways that you can help:

Local farmers sell their products at Farmers Markets throughout Washington County. Photo Credit: Beaverton Farmers Market.
  • Find a local farmer’s market:  Purchase products directly from farms while getting to know your local farmers. Find your nearest farmers market through Oregon Farmers Markets Association.
  • Support local farms: You can visit a farm stand or farm store, participate in u-pick berry season, or sign up for a Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) program.
  • Discover what is grown in Washington County: Check out our Grown in Washington County map to learn about the variety of crops produced by local farmers.
  • Pay attention in agricultural areas: Look out for signs that indicate agricultural areas and what is being grown. Practice road safety on rural roads when farm equipment is present.

Agriculture is interwoven throughout our everyday lives whether we realize it or not. It is in the grocery stores we visit, the clothes we wear, the smiling farmers at farmers markets, and the nurseries where we buy our plants. Protecting agriculture today, ensures local food, goods, farmers, and natural spaces for all in the future.

Learn more about how Tualatin SWCD promotes agricultural viability here.


Create a Backyard Buffet for Oregon Winter Birds

January 19, 2023

Just like humans, birds have feeding preferences. So, providing a variety of food sources is essential to supporting birds in winter. When thinking about winter birds and the food they eat, you probably imagine a bird feeder filled with seed mix. While bird feeders provide supplemental nourishment, native plants can provide a variety of food sources all year long for birds. If you’re looking to support birds in winter, consider planting native plants in addition to purchasing a bird feeder so birds have plenty of food options. Native plants can offer nectar, seeds, fruits, and insects to help sustain energy production for many bird species, especially in the colder months.

What bird feeders are best for Oregon winter birds?

It’s easy to be overwhelmed by the amount of bird feeders available. However, when thinking about which birds you want to attract to your yard, the choice can be simple. While each feeder requires different food, they should all be cleaned regularly and hung from a pole or tree branch at least 5 feet from the ground and 3 feet from any window.

Here are some common birds and their feeder and seed preferences:

Tube feeders are a great addition to your yard and will attract a variety of birds, including goldfinches. Photo by Brady MacDonald, Flickr.
  • Chickadees, titmice, nuthatches, siskins, and finches – Use a tube feeder that has metal around the seed dispenser to deter squirrels. You can fill the feeder with black oil sunflower seed, mixed seed, safflower, nyjer thistle, and peanuts.
  • Woodpeckers, titmice, bushtits, nuthatches, chickadees, wrens, creepers, and warblers – Cage feeders, mesh onion bags filled with suet, and pinecones with suet are best. Suet is animal fat and provides a high-energy food for birds in the winter. You can use the suet on its own or mix it with other seed.
  • Cardinals, jays, grackles, red-winged blackbirds – Hopper feeders store an abundance of seed, like safflower, sunflower, and cracked corn. They are triggered by the weight of arriving birds to release seed.
  • Anna’s hummingbird – Hummingbirds eat nectar and require a hummingbird feeder. You can buy a nectar mix or create your own by mixing 1 part processed white sugar to 4 parts of water. Do not use brown sugar, raw sugar, molasses, or food coloring. To keep these feeders from freezing, you can wrap non-LED Christmas lights around the feeder, tape handwarmers to the base of the feeder, bring the feeder in at night, or buy a feeder heater.

Read more about winter bird feeders here.

What native plants can be used as bird food in Oregon?

One benefit native plants have over bird feeders is that they provide birds shelter from weather and predators. Native shrubs that produce berries are a favorite among local Oregon birds.

Here are some of the best berry-producing plants for birds in Oregon:

Winter birds, like bushtits, love Oregon grape (Mahonia aquifolium) for its bright yellow flowers and blue-black berries. Photo by Mick Thompson, Flickr.
  • Oregon Grape (Mahonia aquifolium) – Bright yellow flowers in mid-winter with blue-black berries. This is Oregon’s state flower and can grow 6 feet tall and 5 feet wide.
  • Snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus) – Can grow to 5 feet tall and 6 feet wide. Snowberry has clusters of white berries that last through the winter and pink flowers that attract hummingbirds in the late spring and summer.
  • Salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis) – Has pinkish-purple flowers that attract hummingbirds and small orange to red fruit that resembles raspberries. Also provides great shelter for animals.
  • Pacific wax myrtle (Myrica californica) – An evergreenEvergreen Plants that maintain their leaves all year long. that can grow up to 30 feet tall. It has purplish berries in the fall that last through the winter.

Bosky Dell Natives has a great list of native plants to attract birds.

In addition to providing a variety of food sources for winter birds, you should also provide clean water for drinking or bathing. Some ideas include a bird bath, small pond, or dish in your yard. By creating a bird-friendly environment in your yard, you can enjoy the beauty and diversity of Oregon’s birds all year round!

Fin-tastic Fish in the Tualatin River Watershed

October 21, 2022

Did you know that everyone lives in a watershed? If you live, work, and play in Washington County, you are part of the Tualatin River watershed! We share this watershed with an amazing array of wildlife species, including some reel-y cool fish. Fish require cool, clean water, so their presence (or absence) can tell us a lot about water quality and habitat conditions. We want to make sure that their habitats are protected and thriving.

What do fish need to stay happy and healthy?

Our Tualatin River watershed is home to many different fish species, each with their own life cycle and role in the ecosystem. However, they all share the same need for specific habitat conditions:

A healthy aquatic environment includes woody debris and native plants along the streambanks. Illustration by Nora Sherwood.
  • Clean Water – Fish need water that is free of pollutantsPollutants A substance that has negative effects on the environment.. Polluted waters can increase algae and plant growth, decreasing the oxygen in the water that fish need to survive. Harmful nutrients from dog waste, fertilizers, and other sources can enter streams, impacting water quality. Pesticides and heavy metals can also wash into streams limiting the fish’s ability to smell to find food and detect potential predators.
  • Cold Water – Fish thrive in water that is generally 65 degrees and below. Water temperature effects a fish’s ability to find and eat food, breathe, grow, and spawn.
  • Habitat ConnectivityHabitat Connectivity The degree to which separate patches of habitat are connected. – Fish, and other aquatic life, need to move throughout different aquatic habitats to complete their life cycle or locate food and shelter. Barriers, like dams and undersized culverts (pipes that route streams under roadways), restrict access to important habitats.  
  • Log jams and woody debris– Log jams and woody debris help interrupt the downstream flow of water in a river or stream. Nutrients that normally travel quickly downstream, get trapped in pool areas creating more macroinvertebrates for fish to eat. These pools also allow fish to hide from prey and conserve energy.

What fish live in the Tualatin River Watershed?

Let’s learn about some of the fish species who call the Tualatin River watershed their home.

Steelhead trout are anadromous, migrating between freshwater and the ocean. Illustration by Nora Sherwood.
  • Trout – There are many trout species living in freshwater streams, rivers, and lakes, including rainbow, redband, cutthroat, and steelhead. Some species are anadromous (uh-na-druh-muhs), meaning they spend part of their lifecycle in the ocean and part in freshwater, while others spend their lives entirely in freshwater.
  • Salmon – Chinook and coho salmon are anadromous. Juvenile salmon will stay in freshwater for the first few months to couple of years of their lives. They will then migrate to the Pacific Ocean where they will eat and grow to an adult size. When ready, they migrate back to the streams where they were born to spawn and complete their lifecycle. Salmon have cultural significance for many Native American Tribes contributing to tribal religion, culture, and physical sustenance.
  • Lamprey – Pacific lamprey are anadromous and belong to a family of eel-like fish. They don’t have scales and they have cartilage instead of bones. Lamprey have a jawless sucking mouth with several teeth that they use to attach to rocks and prey. Pacific lamprey have cultural significance for many Native American Tribes in Oregon. Their populations are declining due to various threats to their environment.

What can you do to help?

Underwater aquatic habitat. Illustration by Nora Sherwood.
  • Plant native trees and shrubs along waterways – Trees and shrubs provide shade to keep water temperatures cooler. The roots help prevent soil erosion and absorb excess nutrients that run off of lawns and agricultural fields.
  • Reduce Pollution – Any pollutant can easily wash into a waterway. Remember to put trash in proper bins, pick up animal waste, and reduce chemical and pesticide use in your yard.
  • Follow Water Recreation Guidelines – Water recreation equipment can transport invasive species. Make sure to rinse off your boat, kayak, paddleboard, and other water equipment after use. Drain any water and remove plants, animals, and mud.

Learn about our Habitat Conservation Program!

Summer Harvest Season in Washington County

July 11, 2022

Summer is a busy time for agricultural communities. As crops ripen over the summer and into the fall, farm workers are putting in long, hard, (and often hot!) days to move those crops from the fields to market. The Willamette Valley is one of the most diverse agricultural regions on Earth due to its rich, fertile soils and ample rainfall. Washington County is among the top-producing agricultural counties in the state with agricultural land making up about 25% of the county’s land area. Our farmers produce almost 100 types of crops with grass seed, greenhouse plants, wheat, dairy products, and berries accounting for the highest crop revenues.

Increased summer traffic means it’s time for extra road safety on rural roads.

During harvest seasons, you may encounter farm equipment, like a combine or tractor, on rural roads. These vehicles can be wider than the road lanes and travel at speeds under 25 mph. To safely share rural roads with slow-moving vehicles, follow these tips:

Caution signs posted on rural roads alert drivers of slow-moving vehicles.
  • Watch for signs: You may see a “CAUTION” sign or a bright orange triangle on the farm equipment. These are indications that you should slow down and watch for slow-moving vehicles.
  • Be patient: Farm equipment can be loud to operate, and the driver may not be aware that you are behind them. If it is safe, they may pull over to let you pass, but this isn’t always possible. Make sure to keep a safe distance.
  • Pass with caution: Only pass slow-moving vehicles in designated passing zones and not within 100 feet of any intersection, railroad grade crossing, bridge, or tunnel.

Read more about the ROADS Act (Rural Oregon Achieving Driving Safety Act) and rural road safety here.

Many crops will be harvested throughout Washington County in the coming months.

  • Blueberries – Blueberries are ready for harvest late June through September. Farms will harvest blueberries by hand or machines, depending on if the berries will be sold fresh or frozen. Machine harvesters are tall and drive over the bushes where paddles shake and knock the berries off the bushes and onto a conveyer belt. Oregon grows the second most blueberries in the country with over 1,000 farms growing blueberries. Annually, Oregon grows around 154 million pounds and exports the fruit to countries like Argentina, France, Italy, and Japan.
Purchase fresh berries at your local farmer’s market!
  • Blackberries – Blackberries are harvested from July to September. Like blueberries, blackberries are picked by hand if sold fresh and machine harvested if they will be processed or frozen. Oregon is the number one producer of frozen blackberries! More than 90% of the frozen blackberries found in American grocery stores come from Oregon. Blackberries are harvested at night when the berries are at their freshest and firmest.
  • Strawberries – Strawberry harvest varies by the variety of berry, but is usually done June through mid-July. Strawberries are harvested by hand. Oregon is ranked third in the United States for strawberry production with over 11 million pounds of berries grown each year.
  • Grass Seed – Harvest time for grass seed crops begins in late June or early July. A windrower machine or swather cuts the grass and lays it in rows where it dries for 5-10 days. A combine machine then separates the seed from the straw and spreads the straw back onto the field. Oregon is the world’s number one producer of forage and turf grass seeds. Turf grass seed is planted for home lawns, athletic fields, and golf courses. Forage grass seed is planted for pastures, roadsides, and erosion prevention. 
Spring wheat is harvested in late summer and early fall using a combine machine.
  • Corn – Corn matures in early fall and harvested when the husks start to turn brown and fall off. Combines (machine that cuts and separates grains) are used to harvest the ears of corn. The combine has row dividers that pick up corn stalks and separates the stalks from the ears. The ears are kept on a conveyor belt and the stalks are returned to the ground. There are two types of corn grown in Oregon – field corn, used as grain for livestock feed, and sweet corn, which you see in grocery stores.
  • Hazelnuts – Hazelnuts are harvested in September and October. Ripe nuts fall to the orchard floor where farmers drive a sweeper through the orchard. The machine sweeps the nuts into rows between the trees where a harvester drives down the rows and picks up the nuts. The hazelnuts are then dried, cleaned, shelled, and roasted. Hazelnuts are the official state nut of Oregon. These nuts are grown by more than 1,300 farms in Oregon, and those farms grow 100% of the hazelnuts in the United States.

Learn more about Oregon grown commodities from Oregon Agriculture in the Classroom.

Local Research Shows Benefits of Native Groundcovers in Agricultural Settings

April 20, 2022

Many agricultural properties include areas of land that aren’t used for crop production, such as field edges, roadways, hedgerows, and rows between crop beds. These areas are often left bare and do not provide habitat for wildlife. In 2019, Scholls Valley Native Nursery, a family-owned business near Gales Creek, received a grant from Tualatin Soil and Water Conservation District. This grant allowed researchers to explore the use of native plants as groundcovers in non-crop areas to protect soils, support pollinators, and reduce the need to manage pesky weeds.

Native plant species bloom along a field edge. Photo Credit: Scholls Valley Native Nursery

Nursey owners, George and Wendy Kral, explain that “standard agricultural practices in the Tualatin Valley maintain tens of thousands of acres in bare or mono-specific states in any given season.” Traditionally, farms in the Tualatin Valley utilize groundcovers, such as oats or red clover, to reduce erosion and maintain soil health in unseeded fields, but non-crop areas are kept “sterile and plant-free.” This practice, as well as the heavy use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, increases water pollution and loss of plant and wildlife diversity, including pollinators, songbirds, and insects.

Over 100 native plant species were observed to determine their effectiveness as groundcover.

Researchers began with a pilot study to determine project cost as well as potential plant species. In 2020, they chose four groundcover mixes, including a total of 103 native species, to assess the positive effects of native ground-covering plants in different agricultural settings.

Planting sites were prepared by removing weeds and then planting native bulbs and seed mixes. Throughout the growing seasons, the cover crop species were monitored for their:

  • ease in becoming established
  • ability to provide ground coverage
  • presence across seasons
  • ability to support pollinators
  • compatibility with crop systems (i.e., not competing with crops)
  • level of invasiveness (i.e., moving into areas where they were not seeded)
Native plants protect soil and attract pollinators. Photo Credit: Scholls Valley Native Nursery

Out of the 103 species tested, 76 were observed and measured during the growing seasons. Researchers recommended 40 of these species for planting in Tualatin Valley and Willamette Valley farms based on their ability to provide beneficial ground coverage and their adaptiveness to farmed areas. Relaxing “zero-tolerance policies” on various weeds was also recommended because these weeds increased plant cover and diversity while eliminating the cost of removing them.

Nectar-producing flower species were present in all seeded areas and there were no negative effects on field production from increasing ground cover. In fact, this study found that per-acre crop yields increased by 45% over the course of the study. 

Native groundcover species benefit pollinator populations.

Pollinator activity increased substantially after native groundcovers were planted along field edges. Photo Credit: Scholls Valley Native Nursery

Pollinators, like bees, moths, and butterflies, rely on nectar-producing plants to survive, but pesticides and herbicides have greatly reduced the diversity and cover of these plants, thus reducing pollinator populations.

Observers from Oregon Bee Atlas noticed that the increase in plant diversity in the non-crop areas provided a direct benefit to pollinators. They recorded the frequency of visits for bees, beetles, butterflies, flies, and wasps. Overall, pollinator visitation was observed on 68 native species and 6 weed species in the study area.

Interested in learning more about this research?

Read the full findings report from Scholls Valley Native Nursery here: Findings and Recommendations: New Ground Covers for Ag


Grant funds are available for conservation research and projects.

This research project received funding from Tualatin SWCD’s Tualatin River Environmental Enhancement Grant, which provides between $5,000 and $100,000 for projects that promote conservation within the Tualatin River Watershed.

Read about the TREE Grant

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